The 14Th Dalai Lama Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The 14Th Dalai Lama Essay, Research Paper Research Paper November 12, 1999 The 14th Dalai Lama ? Dalai Lama? literally means ocean priest. His huge followings, awestruck by his presence, cast their eyes downward, autumn to the land and weep. They can non look straight in his eyes out of regard. The Dalai Lama realizes the magnitude of his place, but dismisses the devotion. His people call him? His Holiness. ? He calls himself a Tibetan who chooses to be a Buddhist monastic. He besides was leader of a state that Tibetans say is occupied and that Beijing says has ever been portion of China. He is considered the reincarnation of the old 13 Dalai Lamas of Tibet, the first born more than 640 old ages ago. This Dalai Lama is different from his predecessors, though. For case, the 13th Dalai Lama was rigorous and formal, and most Tibetans couldn? T get close to him except during public approval ceremonials. The 14th Dalai Lama meets frequently with Tibetans and aliens and neer keeps people at a distance. He is among 600 Tibetan Buddhist monastics populating in Dharamsala, in northern India. About 7,000 of the 24,000 who live in this metropolis are Tibetans, with the greatest concentration in the small town of McLeod Ganj? the place of Tibet? s government-in- expatriate. The Chinese occupied Tibet in 1950. For nine old ages, the Dalai Lama tried to negociate peaceable coexistence with his people and the Chinese. When that failed, he fled in 1959 to India, where he set up Tibet? s government-in-exile. Lhamo Thondup was born July 6, 1935, to peasant husbandmans in Taktser, a hapless colony on a hill overlooking a wide vale in northeasterly Tibet. Buddhist priests from Lhasa, Tibet? s capital, came for the male child when he was 2. Omens led them to him: from the manner the caput of the 13th Dalai Lama had turned in his casket toward the kid? s small town, to the vision of the house seen in a lake by a high priest. The male child was renamed Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso and raised by monastics in Lhasa in the 1,000-room Potala castle, where the fifth through the present Dalai Lamas resided. As a male child, he had no thought what it meant to be the 14th Dalai Lama? the swayer of the land hidden behind the Himalayas. He was tutored in Buddhist instructions. At 15, with his state under menace from the freshly communist China, he officially became caput of Tibet, which is about three times the size of California. At that clip in 1950, peace in Tibet was shattered when 84,000 Chinese soldiers launched an onslaught at six points along Tibet? s boundary line. Chinese functionaries say communism liberated the downtrodden Tibetan people from a feudal theocracy harshly ruled by a sequence of Dalai Lamas. But many Tibetans say communism neer was attractive for them, and they ever considered the regulation of the Dalai Lama benevolent. Fearful of being captured by the Chinese and believing he would be more effectual outside Tibet, the Dalai Lama fled at age 24 across 17,000-foot Himalayan passes into India. Together with the 70-man leftover of the Tibetan authorities, he was given political refuge. He chose India for its propinquity to his fatherland, and Tibetans felt a religious affinity with their neighbours because Buddhism originated in India. Buddhism teaches people to extinguish agony caused by ignorance, self-importance and self- centeredness. Buddhists cultivate morality, generousness, forbearance, energy, wisdom and speculation. They believe good actions lead to a promising metempsychosis. Tibet was the lone topographic point where Buddhist monks entirely ruled the state. Leaderships were thought to be embodiments of enlightened existences, and they taught others how to quiet their heads and cultivate selflessness. Tibetans say they lived peacefully until the Chinese invaded their state. Since so, 1.2 million people # 8212 ; 20 per centum of the Tibetan population? have died in combat and through monolithic dearths from collectivized agriculture and recreation of Tibetan grain to China. The Chinese gutted all but 10 of Tibet? s 6,254 monasteries, and their hoarded wealth # 8212 ; $ 80 billion in jeweled, gold, Ag and bronze statues and other sanctum points? was trucked back to China and subsequently sold in markets in Hong Kong and Tokyo. Still, the Dalai Lama, 1989 Nobel Peace Prize victor for his non-violent pursuit to liberate his fatherland, doesn? t hate the Chinese. He considers compassion as a agency to recover Tibet? s liberty. Leaderships of Tibet? s government-in-exile have lived since 1960 in Dharamsala, a hill station in Himlach Pradesh, India, 125 stat mis from Tibet? s boundary line. From the centre of Dharamsala, there? s a hair-raising ascent up 1000s of pess along narrow roads that twist to the small town of McLeod Ganj. Tibetans live there under India? s regulations, but they? rhenium permitted their quasi-government. The Dalai Lama drafted a fundamental law in 1963, leting Tibetans throughout the universe to be elected representatives of the government-in-exile. He has established an independent bench, an hearer? s office and other sections. He no longer has concluding say on all governmental affairs and can be impeached. Populating in Dharamsala in the sixtiess and? 70s was hard for the Tibetans because it was isolated. Construction of a little airdrome and installing of a telephone system have improved conditions, the Dalai Lama says. Up the mountain is the Tibetan Children? s Village, run by one of the Dalai Lama? s sisters. It houses and educates about 1,500 childs, many refugees. Its subdivisions throughout India serve 5,500 or so more kids. The Dalai Lama sometimes visits the small town and elsewhere, but the bulk of his clip in Dharamsala is spent praying, chew overing and analyzing. He reads Bibles, surveies philosophy and frequently prays with other Tibetan Buddhist monastics. He besides pores over official documents, listens to the BBC World Service on the wireless and reads magazines like Newsweek and Time and newspapers such as The Times of India and The Hindustan Times. Many people told Tibetans in the sixtiess that their pursuit for freedom was hopeless, the Dalai Lama says. With political alterations in the former Soviet Union and East Germany, he believes Tibetan freedom International Relations and Security Network? T that far-fetched. Obstacles remain before Tibetans have political and societal freedom in their fatherland, the Dalai Lama says. The old Chinese Communist leaders are in their 80s, and he believes the first coevals of revolutionists still respect and obey the authorities government. Even with no marks of political liberalisation, the Communist Party? s free market reforms have improved the Tibetan economic system and quenched agitation. And many Chinese sympathize with the Tibetan freedom motion, the D alai Lama says. Once the current Chinese leaders are gone, ? so I don? t see any obstruction. ? In 1963, His Holiness promulgated a democratic fundamental law, based on Buddhist rules and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as a theoretical account for a future free Tibet. Since so, the Dalai Lama has been the most vigorous advocator for the refugee # 8217 ; s ain democratic experiment, while systematically reaffirming his desire non to keep political office one time Tibet regains its independency. The Dalai Lama continues to show new enterprises to decide the Tibetan issue. At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987, he proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan as a first measure toward deciding the hereafter position of Tibet. This program called for the appellation of Tibet as a zone of non-violence, an terminal to the monolithic transportation of Chinese into Tibet, Restoration of cardinal human rights and democratic freedoms, and the forsaking of China # 8217 ; s usage of Tibet for atomic arms production and the dumping of atomic waste, every bit good as pressing # 8220 ; earnest dialogues # 8221 ; on the hereafter of Tibet. The Dalai Lama continued what he viewed as the most realistic attempt to make a autonomous democratic Tibet. His proposal, made in Strasbourg, France in 1988, included the adjustment of China # 8217 ; s ain involvements while continuing the Tibetan peoples # 8217 ; ultimate authorization in organizing their authorities. However, the Dalai Lama faced a closed and negative attitude from the Chinese leading in response to his attempts, doing him to declare the Strasbourg Proposal as no longer adhering in 1991. His travels have taken him to Brazil, England, Switzerland and the United States, where he met with President George Bush in April 1991. That meeting ended a 30-year American boycott of the Tibetan leader. The United States neer has officially recognized Tibet, sing it portion of China. The Dalai Lama has met with several major caputs of province every bit good as other senior political, spiritual, cultural and concern leaders to talk on his belief in the unity of the human household and the demand for each person to develop a sense of cosmopolitan duty. In October, 1989, during a duologue with eight rabbis and bookmans from the United States in Dharamsala, The Dalai Lama said, # 8220 ; When we became refugees, we knew our battle would non be easy ; it would take a long clip, coevalss. Very frequently we would mention to the Judaic people, how they kept their individuality and faith despite such adversity and so much agony. And, when external conditions were mature they were ready to reconstruct their state. So you see, there are many things to larn from our Judaic brothers and sisters. # 8221 ; His negotiations in other forums focused on the commonalty of religions and the demand for integrity among different faiths: # 8220 ; I ever believe that it is much better to hold a assortment of faiths, a assortment of doctrines, instead than one individual faith or doctrine. This is necessary because of the different mental temperaments of each human being. Each faith has certain alone thoughts or techniques, and larning about them can merely enrich one # 8217 ; s ain faith. # 8221 ; The Dalai Lama has received legion honorary doctors degrees from Universities worldwide. In 1989, he received The Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway. The Norse Nobel Committee emphasized the Dalai Lama # 8217 ; s consistent resistance of the usage of force in Tibet # 8217 ; s battle for freedom and remarked that, # 8220 ; The Dalai Lama has developed his doctrine of peace from a great fear for all things populating and upon the construct of cosmopolitan duty encompassing all world every bit good as nature # 8230 ; [ he ] has come frontward with constructive and advanced proposals for the solution of international struggles, human rights issues and planetary environmental problems. # 8221 ; Despite his great accomplishments, the Dalai Lama remains modest, frequently stating # 8220 ; I am merely a simple Buddhist monk # 8212 ; no more, no less. # 8221 ; While contending for peace and freedom for his people and others, His Holiness has authored many books. Some intended to learn others to state narratives. Ancient Wisdom, Modern World # 8211 ; Ethical motives for a New Millennium is the latest book by His Holiness the Dalai Lama and his first major publication in recent old ages. In this work, His Holiness calls for a revolution # 8211 ; non a political, an economic, a proficient or even a spiritual revolution, but a religious revolution to assist us through the moral labyrinth of modern life. Awakening the Mind, Lightening the Heart is a practical direction book on developing compassion in our day-to-day lives through simple speculations that straight relate to past and present relationships. Cultivating a Daily Meditation includes two discourses in which His Holiness touches upon the indispensable points of the Dharma and provides a clear and simple method to cultivate a day-to-day pattern of speculation. He besides explains how we should continue in the attempt to bring forth both the bosom of compassion and the expansive position of emptiness in our day-to-day life. Dalai Lama # 8217 ; s Small Book of Wisdom is an inspirational volume offering encouragement to anyone seeking a more peaceable and liberating manner of life. Here the Dalai Lama portions his position on such digesting subjects as love, faith, justness, human rights, poorness, cultural struggle and protection of the environment. Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama of Tibet is an updated a utobiography following the award of the Nobel Peace Prize, in which the Dalai Lama talks freely of his life and the tragic narrative of Tibet, and besides discusses modern-day issues. The Dalai Lama is a adult male who believes and patterns in universe peace, felicity, interior balance, and freedom. Bringing peace and freedom to Tibet and to the universe has been the Dalai Lama? s life for the last many old ages. Writing books, sing Presidents and functionaries, and buttonholing for his cause has become what he is. What I believe is that His Holiness is a great adult male. He is a adult male who has lived in expatriate for decennaries but has non given up his cause of emancipating himself and his people. He teaches about a planetary community, where all states of our planet would populate and be with and for each other, in harmoniousness. Compassion is another thing His Holiness Teachs, to populate and care for others. I am non and may neer be a practicing Buddhist, but in my bosom and in myself I will ever believe that the Dalai Lama is one of the greatest work forces of all time to walk the Earth. In our universe where aggression, struggle and force strain hatre d for our fellow adult male, how of import is a adult male such as the Dalai Lama whose instructions involve love, compassion and peace.

Near Term Future of Terrorism in the U.S free essay sample

What is the terrorist group most likely to strike within the United States in the next five years? What method or means will this group probably use to carry out the attack and what is the most effective means of countering the attack? Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 2 Abstract Terrorists are likely to use a weapon of mass destruction somewhere in the world in the next five years. We will write a custom essay sample on Near Term Future of Terrorism in the U.S or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are more likely to use a biological weapon than a nuclear one and the results could be devastating. The consequences of a biological attack are almost beyond comprehension. It would be 9/11 times 10 or a hundred in terms of the number of people who would be killed, according to Senator Bob Graham. Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 3 An investigation by the US Congress into weapons of mass destruction made a chilling prediction of terrorists mounting an attack using biological or nuclear weapons within the next five years. The six month inquiry mentioned Pakistan as one of the likeliest sources of such an attack. The target could be the U. S. or some other part of the world. The report by the bipartisan Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction, said â€Å"unless the world community acts decisively and with great urgency, it is more likely than not that a weapon of mass destruction will be used in a terrorist attack somewhere in the world by the end of 2013†. Terrorists are more likely to be able to obtain and use a biological weapon than a nuclear weapon. An overwhelming majority believes that there is a significant likelihood of further terrorist attacks on U. S. soil and expresses concern and worry about the prospect. About half worry that a close friend or relative will be a victim of an attack, but only a minority are concerned that it would happen in their community. The onset of military action in Afghanistan has not led to notable changes in these attitudes. Though traditional attacks, such as truck bombs, are seen as the most likely terrorist threat, the majority believes that terrorists have access to weapons of mass destruction and are likely to use them at some point. Of these weapons, chemical and biological agents are seen as a greater danger than nuclear arms, and concern about a chemical or biological attack has grown over the past weeks. Americans have been fairly pessimistic about the prospect of eliminating terrorist attacks for some time. Today’s terrorists can strike at any place, at any time and with virtually any weapon. But if it is so easy to pull off an attack and if terrorists are so demonically competent, why have they not Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 4 done it? Why have they not been sniping at people in shopping centers, collapsing tunnels, poisoning the food supply, cutting electrical lines, derailing trains, blowing up oil pipelines, causing massive traffic jams, or exploiting the countless other vulnerabilities that, according to security experts, could so easily be exploited. One reasonable explanation is that almost no terrorists exist in the United States and few have the means or the inclination to strike from abroad. However, this explanation is rarely offered. Instead, Americans are often told by the same people who had once predicted imminent attacks that the absence of international terrorist strikes in the United States is owed to the protective measures so hastily and expensively put in place after 9/11. For the past five years, Americans have been regularly regaled with dire predictions of another major Al Qaeda attack in the United States. In 2003, a group of 200 senior government officials and business executives, many of them specialists in security and terrorism, pronounced it likely that a terrorism strike more devastating than 9/11. The leadership of this country and the world will have to decide how much of a priority they place on avoiding the worst weapons in the world getting in the hands of the worst people in the world. It is not going to be cheap. It is not going to be accomplished without some sacrifices. It won’t be accomplished without putting this issue ahead of some other competing national and international goals. However, I think our safety and security depend upon doing so. A biological attack is more likely than a nuclear attack because biological weapons are more available, according to a CNN panel. Anthrax is a natural product of dead animals. Other serious pathogens are available in equally accessible forms. There are so many scientists who have the skills to convert a pathogen from benign, helpful purposes into an illicit, very harmful weapon. However, the commission warned that there is also Near-Term Future of Terrorism in the U. S. 5 a threat of nuclear terrorism, both because more countries are developing nuclear weapons and because some existing nuclear powers are expanding their arsenals. Terrorist organizations are intent on acquiring nuclear weapons. It cited testimony before the commission from former Senator Sam Nunn, who said that the risk of a nuclear weapon being used today is growing, not receding. The risk from biological or nuclear weapons was higher than skeptical foreign policy and defense analysts have so far suggested. Those analysts had pointed out to the complexity of transporting such weapons and the limitations of a nuclear dirty bomb, whose radius of damage is minimum compared with missile delivered warheads. The report disagreed, saying that no mission could be timelier. The simple reality is that the risks that confront us today are evolving faster than our multi layered responses. Many thousands of dedicated people across all agencies of our government are working hard to protect this country, and their efforts have had a positive impact. However, the terrorists have been active, too and in our judgment America’s margin of safety is shrinking, not growing. Despite all the ominous warnings of wily terrorists and imminent attacks, there has been neither a successful strike nor a close call in the United States since 9/11. The reasonable, but rarely heard explanation is that there are no terrorists within the United States, and few have the means or the inclination to strike from abroad.

Terorrism And Security Measures Essays - National Security

Terorrism And Security Measures The government can implement many new methods to increase security, or better yet give off the image of better security which is what they have predominantly done, yet ultimately there will always be a way to bypass or come up with a new way to infiltrate that measure. The government so far has done a variety of things ranging from the closing of the Dulles airport (permanently), working with the FAA on new security measures, having pilots carry handguns, and a not so specific, profiling. Well the first and easiest of the new security measures is the permanent closing of the airport, which is very near the heart of our nation's political machine. Seeing how airplanes were used as weapons of mass-destruction officials were left with no choice but to shut down the airport. Even though other airports, which were closed, are now reopened, Dulles vicinity to the incident and to other major government facilities will keep this airport permanently closed. The government rational in this situation actually makes sense because they would not want to have any other incidents and the proximity of the airport is a major key. There has been a measure brought to congress by the largest pilot union, boasting over 66000 members to carry handguns in the cockpit and be trained by law enforcement officials. Strict psychological testing would be done on all the pilots and the FBI would train all of them. Before these incidents, this proposal would have not been considered, yet in light of this situation there could be possible implementation of this program. The government as well as private conglomerates agrees that this plan could work, because the cockpit has to be defended at all costs, hence, now pilots are being trained to use a crash-ax, equipped on every plane, as a possible killing weapon. The government believes that this will work because if the cockpit is infiltrated, the pilots will have a form of defense that could overpower the terrorist and save the plane and the world from such atrocities witnessed September 11. The FAA has considered many new measures to increase the safety of flight and to make sure that the aviation system is not compromised by acts of terrorism. Federal marshals are being hired at exponential rates so more will be on flights to insure security. There is consideration of making a secure cockpit door that cannot be broken down if locked; yet, this is a waste of time and money in my opinion, because the terrorist can still threaten the life of the passengers. Security checkpoints at airports will be monitored by FBI agents, not by hired people to monitor eye movements and other such behaviors in hopes of catching the not typical but otherwise looks like a normal passenger passenger. Carry on luggage will be effected severely as now, they will scrutinized with a fine tooth comb and no longer will they be so liberal on what can come on and what can not. The federal government will install the latest technology in bomb-sniffing, x-ray, and whatever other devices are available, to detect any explosive or incendiary devices checked on an airplane. With all these new regulations plus a list of similar ones, there will be several unpleasant side effects for the citizens of this country. Passengers should expect to arrive 2.5-3 hours in advanced to make sure you will make your flight. There will be a new security tax on all tickets which will up travel prices. In addition, more electronic gadgets, which are very often used by the business traveler of today and tomorrow, will be banned and strictly checked. However, the upside is that it should make citizens feel safer about traveling. The fourth way of tightening security is more on a psychological scale. Last week in Minneapolis, Northwest Airlines officials hauled three Arab-Americans off a flight to Salt Lake City when other passengers refused to fly with them; the men were grilled and allowed to board a later flight. In Trenton, N.J., a nervous driver called authorities when two suspicious men speaking little English got on his bus; the police held the men at gunpoint before releasing them. Such profiling, which critics say

Modernity

Modernity Sociology Term EssayQ4. What does sociology contribute to an analysis of the culture of modernity ?To understand what sociology brings to a study of our modern culture we must understand how humanity has got to where it is today .We must ask why the way that humans live day to day has changed so dramatically over the past couple of hundred years .We get some of the answers from sociologists who observed and questioned these developments .The study of Sociology itself arrived as a product of modernity.The term modernity is "designed to encapsulate the distinctiveness, complexity and dynamism of social processes unleashed during the 18th and 19th centuries" , which make a distinct break from the traditional way of living .It has been called the "Great Transformation" .Sociology tells us what happened and why , it highlights greatly the difference between living 300 years ago. It can be seen as a combination of a number of new developments in production coinciding with some new theories and ideas.Karl & his daughter Jenny MarxAn example of one of these developments that can explain the arrival of modernity was the dramatic improvement in the transport system and other forms of communication .This greatly accelerated contact across distances and required the synchronization of activity using clocks and calendars .Anthony Giddens a modern day sociologist believed that this was typified by the railway timetable ,which he described as a "time space ordering device" , in other words something that helped to coordinate in different areas and time zones.In his book "Introductory Sociology" , Tony Bilton tells how modernity had a huge effect in such basic things as peoples diet .He highlights 18th Century England as an example of this how people of all classes daily intake consisted of produce from all over the globe...

The Objectives Of The Spanish And British Colonizers Case Study

The Objectives Of The Spanish And British Colonizers - Case Study Example Comparisons made between the two as far as patterns of colonization demonstrate the existence of significant differences. There were similarities, such as the use of the New Lands to further their mercantile ideologies. Both also ravaged the native peoples of the Americas, which set on course cultural destruction and disruption. However, both nations would lose their colonies by the early 19th century as independent settler communities were established. How were their objectives for finding these settlements similar or different? The objectives of the Spanish and British colonizers were starkly different apart from their goal of advancing their mercantile ideologies. The Spanish colonized and settled in the New Lands primarily as conquerors with the political system that they set up being entirely autocratic and centered on furthering the Spanish motherland (Elliott 37). After they had conquered the lands, they proceeded to loot vast resources. Spain viewed the new lands that it colo nized as an object whose only use was for the furthering of its mercantile objectives. This was evident in a large number of ships that traveled from Spanish America to Spain laden with gold, silver, and other valuables. Since it was their sole objective, Spain gave minimal rights of self-rule to their colonies, instead of dictating the policies governing them from the Spanish mainland (Elliott 38). The British settled peacefully rather than as conquerors into the new Lands. They migrated to these lands with the sole objectives of economic opportunity, political freedom, and independence. Because England had a long tradition of partial representation, their colonies were able to achieve some self-government with a form of assembly that was representative of the settlers.

Developing and Managing Performance (Organisation Essay

Developing and Managing Performance (Organisation - Essay Example In order to enhance performance, it will be essential to develop a reward system whereby the best performing individuals will be rewarding, thus promoting competency in their undertakings. (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2012, p.1). The senior management team will also undergo extensive training on various management perspectives, which will ensure that they will guide their juniors appropriately. This will be implanted in line with the current technological developments to ensure that efficiency is enhanced, which would consequently improve the overall performance of the company. 6 Strategies to Implement 6 Reward System 8 Challenges and How to Overcome Them 8 Conclusion and Recommendations 10 Developing and Managing Performance in an Organisation Executive Summary This report contains a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the different challenges faced when implementing and developing performance management and reward strategy. It puts forward the Bath model e laborating on how it can be used for performance management; moreover, a reward strategy has also been put in place with its significance being indicated. Significantly, the report starts by evaluating the challenges that are known to initiate from implementation, since this is known to be the basis of all the other problems, and proposed a number of ways that they can be countered so as to ensure that the strategic plan goes through to the end without any difficulties altogether. Introduction Over the years, there has been a lot of attention given to performance management and development with the demand for thorough information being actually intensified with the economic downfall. Human resources specialists have toiled to make sure that they keenly evaluate performance between relevant and fair measures putting most of their focus and efforts on essential aspects of any business. Essentially, the different efforts have circled around making sure that the processes are similar in nature with the requirements of a changing breed of line manager, and stream line the systems that are paper based and facilitate admittance through media. Nonetheless, most of the human resource strategies that have been implemented in the past are also focused on ensuring that managing the performance delivers in an environment where the evolution of numbers and effect on organisational brand and innovation is based on the ways of the business success. Concurrently, the report focuses on evaluating the challenges an organisation may incur when putting into place a performance and reward strategy using knowledge from the results of past case studies and theories from different specialists on the field, but mostly on human resources. Currently, the nature of work is altering with diverse organisations and corporations operating in more of a specialized network that is also flexible and natural; basically, the frequency of strategic partnering arrangements between organisations incr easing the need for management relationships to be managed beyond the organisation and hence further work is required. On the other hand, reward systems are also a critical part of any organisations design and how well they are compatible with the rest of the systems has an equal effect on to what extent they will be

How Did the Buildings and Landscapes of the Secular Elite Shape Term Paper

How Did the Buildings and Landscapes of the Secular Elite Shape Medieval Settlement and Social Relationships - Term Paper Example Deer parks were formed only on those estates of the very rich, nobility and the great clerics, who spent much of their time hunting, however by the end of the15th century, according to Michael Reed (page 124) the wood contained in the parks had become more valuable than the deer. Deer are notorious for stripping bark and so destroying woodland and the animals would be excluded in order to allow the trees to grow undamaged. Occasionally land in private ownership would pass back into public ownership as when Henry VIII gave his private hunting ground, Sutton Park to the people of Sutton Coldfield in 1528, as described on the web page Sutton Coldfield, but this did not necessarily mean it could then be farmed. When poor men hunt it is called poaching and punishable, but it was the rich who had the horses, weapons, and birds of prey, so once again it was they who were the main beneficiaries. The deer park was of economic importance in that it provided food, leather, wood etc, but also employment for many people. Just as with the fish ponds they provided an easily available larder of fresh food before the advent of modern-day preserving methods and chill rooms and freezers. Hunting was an expensive pastime but there were other advantages in that if the king was kept happy then social advancement was possible. The Medieval Source Book recording an Inquest of the Sheriffs Regarding the Forests in 1170 mentions reward, promise, and friendship as being the products of hunting. Hunting was both a pleasure and a necessity – a way of entertaining guests and also of filling their bellies. By the later medieval period new methods of farming were being used and hunting for survival was no longer required. Instead, hunting moved on from being a necessity into a stylized pastime for the aristocracy. James III of Scotland in the 15th century had several hunting lodges, as described by Gilbert, 2003, (page 42).